Overview

• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) → neurodevelopmental condition characterized by qualitative impairment in social interaction and communication as well as repetitive stereotyped behaviour, interests, and activities.
  • Risk Factors → males, FH, chromosomal abnormalities (fragile X and down’s), preterm birth and LBW.
  • Most have decreased IQ.
  • ADHD and Epilepsy are commonly seen in children with ASD.
• Asperger’s Syndrome → type of ASD where you have no delay in communication or cognitive abilities.

Making Diagnosis

Clinical Features

• Typically presents at 2-3 years old.

• Difficulties in social interactions → poor social skills and socially withdrawn.

• Difficulties in communication → struggle with non-verbal cues and expressing emotions.

• Repetetive tendencies.

  <aside> 💡 Triad → communication impairment + impairment of social relationships + ritualistic/repetetive behaviour.

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Investigations

• Autism Diagnosis and Assessment (GOLD-STANDARD).
• Developmental Exam → focus on hearing, speech and language + social behaviour and play.
• Learning Difficulty Assessment (Cognitive Assessment).

Management Plan

• MDT → paediatrician, GP, psychologist, psychiatrist, SALT, OT, educational and social services.
• Behavioural Interventions → Applied Behavioural Analysis (ABA), Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), More Than Words (Hanen Programme).
  • Can help ritualistic behaviours. Helps child learn new skills and behaviours.